Cairo

• Generally safe with precautions: Cairo is generally safe for tourists, especially in major tourist areas where there's a visible police presence. However, it's wise to exercise a high degree of caution due to the threat of terrorism and common crimes of opportunity like pickpocketing and purse snatching.
• Be aware of surroundings: Always be alert, especially in crowded areas and after dark. Avoid large gatherings, demonstrations, or protests.
• Women travelers: Women, particularly those traveling alone, may experience unwelcome male attention. Dressing modestly and being aware of your surroundings can help.
• Scams and touts: Be cautious of aggressive vendors, scammers, and touts in tourist areas who might offer "free" gifts that lead to money demands. Tourist police are available at most sites if you feel uncomfortable.

• Yes, generally: Most international visitors require a visa to enter Egypt.
• Visa on arrival/e-Visa: Many nationalities can obtain a 30-day tourist visa on arrival at major airports (often payable in US dollars cash) or apply for an e-Visa prior to travel.
• Passport validity: Ensure your passport is valid for at least six months from your entry date.

• October to April: The optimal time to visit Cairo is between October and April. During these months, the weather is cooler and more comfortable for sightseeing, with temperatures ranging from mild to warm.
• Avoid peak summer: Summers (June to August) can be extremely hot, with temperatures sometimes exceeding 104°F (40°C), making outdoor exploration challenging.

• Egyptian Pound (EGP): The official currency is the Egyptian Pound (EGP).
• Cash is king: Cash is widely preferred, especially in local markets and smaller establishments. It's advisable to carry small denominations for everyday expenses and tipping.
• ATMs and credit cards: ATMs are widely available in cities and tourist areas. International credit cards are accepted in hotels and larger shops, but it's always good to have cash.

• Cairo Metro: The Metro is a fast, affordable, and efficient way to navigate Cairo, especially during peak hours. There are designated women-only cars.
• Taxis/Ride-hailing apps: Taxis are plentiful. It's crucial to agree on the fare before starting your journey, as meters are not always used. Ride-hailing apps like Uber and Careem are popular and offer more transparent pricing.
• Tuk-tuks/Microbuses: For shorter distances, tuk-tuks and microbuses (shared minibuses) are cheap options, but can be crowded and confusing for first-time visitors.

• Pyramids of Giza and Sphinx: The iconic ancient wonders are an absolute must-see.
• Egyptian Museum/Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM): Home to an unparalleled collection of ancient Egyptian artifacts, including Tutankhamun's treasures. The Grand Egyptian Museum is gradually replacing the old Egyptian Museum.
• Khan el-Khalili Bazaar: A vibrant historic market perfect for souvenirs, local crafts, and experiencing the city's atmosphere.
• Saladin Citadel and Mosque of Muhammad Ali: Offers panoramic views of Cairo and stunning Islamic architecture.
• Coptic Cairo: Explore the historic Christian quarter, including the Hanging Church and Saints Sergius and Bacchus Church.
• Saqqara Necropolis and Step Pyramid of Djoser: Egypt's oldest pyramid and an important archaeological site.

• Modest clothing: Egypt is a predominantly Muslim country, so dressing modestly is a sign of respect. For both men and women, it's advisable to cover shoulders and knees, especially when visiting religious sites.
• Lightweight, breathable fabrics: Opt for loose-fitting clothing made from cotton or linen to stay cool in the warm climate.
• Scarves/shawls: Women should carry a scarf or shawl to cover their head and shoulders when entering mosques or conservative areas.
• Comfortable footwear: You'll be doing a lot of walking, so comfortable shoes are essential.

• Yes, it's expected: Tipping, known as "baksheesh," is customary and a significant part of the income for many service workers in Egypt.
• Tipping amounts:
  • Restaurants/Cafes: 10-15% of the bill.
  • Hotel staff: 20-30 EGP per service (housekeeping, bellhops).
  • Tour guides: 100-200 EGP per day, depending on the tour length and quality.
  • Taxi drivers: Round up the fare, or 5-10 EGP for exceptional service.
  • Other services (e.g., public restrooms, mosque attendants): 1-2 EGP.
• Cash is preferred: Tip in Egyptian Pounds and hand the money directly to the person.

• Bottled water: Do not drink tap water. Stick to bottled water for drinking and brushing your teeth.
• Food precautions: Be cautious with raw fruits and vegetables that may have been washed in tap water. Eat at reputable restaurants.
• Traveler's diarrhea: It's common, so pack remedies.
• Vaccinations: Consult your doctor or a travel clinic before your trip for recommended vaccinations (e.g., Hepatitis A and B, Typhoid).
• Air pollution: Cairo can have high levels of air pollution and dust; if you have respiratory issues, consult your doctor.

• Taxis: Taxis are readily available and the fastest option (around 17 minutes). Agree on the fare beforehand.
• Ride-hailing apps: Uber and Careem are good alternatives.
• Bus and Metro combination: You can take a public bus from the airport to a Metro station and then the Metro to Downtown Cairo. This is the cheapest option but can take longer.
• Private transfers: Many hotels and tour operators offer pre-booked private car or minivan transfers, which are convenient, especially if you have a lot of luggage.

Cairo, like many major tourist destinations, has its share of scams. Being aware of them can save you hassle and money:

• Camel/Horse Ride Scam at Pyramids: This is very common. You'll be offered a cheap ride, but once you're on, they'll demand significantly more money (5-10 times the original price) to let you dismount.
  • How to avoid: Only book rides through reputable tour operators or your hotel. Confirm the total cost upfront, explicitly including the return.
• "Free" Gifts/Helpful Local: Someone might approach you offering a "free" gift (e.g., a small souvenir) or unsolicited "help" (e.g., directions, a "shortcut"). Once you accept, they'll aggressively demand money or lead you to an overpriced shop where they get a commission.
  • How to avoid: Politely but firmly decline any unsolicited help or gifts. If you need directions, ask someone in an official uniform (e.g., police, hotel staff) or use GPS.
• Fake Papyrus/Perfume/Spice Shops: You might be invited to a "government-certified" factory or shop for a free demonstration, then pressured to buy overpriced or fake goods (e.g., banana leaf "papyrus").
  • How to avoid: Research reputable shops beforehand. Avoid being led to shops by strangers.
• Taxi Scams: Drivers may claim their meter is broken, refuse to use it, or take long, circuitous routes. They might also claim "no change" to keep extra money.
  • How to avoid: Use ride-hailing apps like Uber or Careem for transparent pricing. If using a street taxi, always agree on the fare before getting in, and have small denominations ready for payment.
• Restaurant Bill Padding: Check your bill carefully for inflated charges, hidden fees, or items you didn't order.
  • How to avoid: Ask for a menu with prices upfront. Double-check the bill and question any discrepancies.

Photography rules vary by site and can change, so it's always best to observe signs and ask if unsure.

• General Rules:
  • No Flash: Flash photography is generally prohibited inside tombs, temples, and museums to protect ancient artifacts and delicate pigments from damage.
  • No Tripods/Professional Equipment: Large tripods or professional camera setups often require special permits, which can be expensive and difficult to obtain.
  • Respectful Photography: Avoid photographing sensitive areas, military installations, or government buildings. Be sensitive when taking photos of locals, especially women and children; always ask for permission first.
• Specific Sites:
  • Pyramids of Giza: Photography is generally allowed outside. Inside the pyramids, photography is often restricted or requires an extra ticket.
  • Egyptian Museum/Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM): Photography may be allowed in certain areas, but often restricted inside certain halls, especially where valuable artifacts like Tutankhamun's treasures are displayed. Check current rules upon entry.
  • Tombs (e.g., Valley of the Kings, Saqqara): Photography inside tombs is usually strictly prohibited without a special, often very expensive, permit. This is due to the fragility of the artwork and the confined spaces.
  • Mosques: Photography is generally allowed, but be respectful and avoid photographing worshippers directly without permission.

Modesty is key when visiting mosques, reflecting respect for the religious site:

• For Women:
  • Cover your head with a scarf (it's wise to carry one with you).
  • Wear loose-fitting clothing that covers your arms (to the wrists) and legs (to the ankles).
  • Avoid tight or revealing clothing.
• For Men:
  • Wear long trousers.
  • Wear a shirt that covers your shoulders (no sleeveless tops).
• Both Men and Women:
  • Remove your shoes before entering the prayer hall. (Some mosques might offer shoe covers.)
• Note: Many larger mosques catering to tourists will have cloaks and headscarves available for women to borrow if needed.

Cairo is a city that truly comes alive at night, offering diverse options:

• Dinner Cruises on the Nile: A popular choice for tourists, these often include a buffet dinner, live music, and belly dancing or Tanoura (whirling dervish) shows.
• Khan el-Khalili Bazaar at Night: The bazaar takes on a magical atmosphere with lanterns and bustling activity. Many shops stay open late, and you can enjoy shisha (water pipe) and tea at historic cafes like Fishawi Cafe.
• Sound and Light Show at the Pyramids: A dramatic spectacle that illuminates the Sphinx and Pyramids with lasers and narrates the history of ancient Egypt.
• Cairo Tower: Offers breathtaking panoramic views of the city lit up at night. There's also a revolving restaurant at the top.
• Live Music Venues: Cairo has a growing live music scene, with various clubs and bars offering jazz, blues, Arabic music, and more.
• Hotels with Bars and Lounges: Many international hotels have sophisticated bars and lounges, often with live entertainment and alcohol available.
• Cultural Shows: Check out the Cairo Opera House for performances ranging from opera and ballet to classical Arabic music. Wekalet El-Ghouri is known for its traditional Tanoura dance performances.

Understanding and respecting local customs will greatly enhance your experience:

• Greetings: A common Arabic greeting is "As-salamu alaykum" (peace be upon you), to which the reply is "Wa alaykum as-salam." A simple "Merhaba" (hello) is also fine.
• Baksheesh (Tipping): As mentioned, it's customary and expected. Always have small Egyptian Pounds available.
• Right Hand Rule: Use your right hand for eating, shaking hands, and giving/receiving items, as the left hand is considered unclean.
• Public Displays of Affection: Keep public displays of affection (kissing, hugging) to a minimum, as it's generally frowned upon. Holding hands is usually acceptable.
• Bargaining: Haggling is common and expected in markets like Khan el-Khalili. Start with an offer significantly lower than the asking price and negotiate politely.
• Politeness and Patience: Egyptians are generally very hospitable. Be patient, especially with inevitable delays or chaotic situations. A smile and polite demeanor go a long way.
• Asking for Help: If a local offers help, be cautious but also understand that many Egyptians are genuinely helpful. If you accept help, a small tip might be expected.
• Religious Sensitivity: Be mindful of Islamic customs, especially during Ramadan (the fasting month). Avoid openly consuming food, drink, or smoking in public during fasting hours.
• Personal Space: Personal space can be less defined than in some Western cultures, especially in crowded areas.
• Conversational Topics: Be diplomatic when discussing sensitive topics like politics or religion.

• Good coverage: Mobile network coverage is generally good in Cairo and major tourist areas.
• Local SIM cards: It's highly recommended to buy a local SIM card upon arrival at the airport (Vodafone, Etisalat, Orange, WE are major providers). This provides affordable data for navigation (Google Maps, ride-hailing apps), communication, and staying connected. You'll need your passport to register the SIM.
• Wi-Fi: Many hotels, cafes, and restaurants offer free Wi-Fi, but quality and speed can vary. Don't rely solely on hotel Wi-Fi.

Cairo offers a delicious culinary experience!

• Street Food: Don't be afraid to try street food, but choose places that look clean, have a high turnover of customers, and where food is cooked fresh in front of you. Popular options include koshary (a delicious mix of rice, pasta, lentils, chickpeas, and fried onions), ta'ameya (Egyptian falafel), and fuul medames (fava beans).
• Restaurants: Cairo has a wide range of restaurants, from traditional Egyptian eateries to international chains.
• Hygiene: Always wash your hands before eating. Avoid ice in drinks unless you're sure it's made from bottled water.
• Local Drinks: Try fresh juices (sugarcane juice, hibiscus tea/karkadeh), and of course, plenty of strong Egyptian tea and Turkish coffee. Alcohol is available in larger hotels and specific licensed restaurants/bars, but not as widely as in many Western countries.
• Fasting during Ramadan: If you visit during the holy month of Ramadan, be aware that many Muslims will be fasting from sunrise to sunset. While tourists are not expected to fast, it's respectful to avoid eating, drinking, or smoking in public during fasting hours. Restaurants may have limited hours during the day, opening for iftar (breaking of the fast) in the evening.

• Highly Recommended: For first-time visitors, especially when exploring historical sites like the Pyramids, Egyptian Museum, or Luxor and Aswan, a licensed tour guide is highly recommended.
• Benefits of a Guide:
  • Historical Context: They provide invaluable historical and cultural insights that you wouldn't get on your own.
  • Navigation & Logistics: They handle logistics, getting you through crowds, and navigating complex sites.
  • Avoiding Scams: A reputable guide can help ward off touts and aggressive vendors.
  • Safety: They are knowledgeable about local customs and potential issues, enhancing your safety.
• How to find one: Book through your hotel, a reputable tour company (check online reviews!), or get recommendations from other travelers. Always confirm their license.

• Generally Safe: Cairo International Airport (CAI) is generally considered safe, even at night, due to high security presence. You won't be in physical danger.
• Avoid Sleeping at the Airport: While safe, it's not designed for sleeping overnight. There are no designated sleeping areas, and security may move you along.
• Transportation at Night:
  • Pre-booked Transfers: This is the most recommended and stress-free option, especially for late-night arrivals. Arrange a transfer through your hotel or a reputable tour company. A driver will meet you inside the terminal with your name on a sign.
  • Ride-hailing Apps (Uber/Careem): These are a good option. They are available 24/7 and provide transparent pricing, so you avoid haggling. Confirm the pick-up point with your driver as airport rules can sometimes change.
  • Airport Taxis: Licensed airport taxis are available. Insist on the meter or agree on a fare before getting into the car. Be firm if they try to overcharge.
• Security: You'll notice a significant security presence at the airport, including checkpoints and bag screenings. Cooperate fully with all security procedures.

• Chaotic and Congested: Cairo's traffic is legendary – it's chaotic, often congested, and driving can feel like an extreme sport. Drivers frequently honk, weave between lanes, and seemingly ignore traffic laws.
• Impact on Travel Time: This means travel times can be unpredictable and much longer than expected, especially during rush hours (roughly 8-10 AM and 5-7 PM). A short distance on a map can take a long time to cover.
• Navigating Traffic:
  • Patience is Key: Embrace the chaos and be patient. Don't expect journeys to be swift.
  • Buffer Time: Always allow ample buffer time for travel to and from attractions, especially if you have an appointment or flight to catch.
  • Metro: For longer distances and avoiding surface traffic, the Cairo Metro is often the fastest way to get around (though it can be crowded).
  • Ride-hailing apps: While they still face traffic, using Uber or Careem means you don't have to worry about driving yourself or haggling with taxi drivers.

• Be Prepared: Public restrooms in Egypt, especially outside of major hotels or tourist sites, can be basic. It's common for them to lack toilet paper, soap, or even running water.
• Carry Essentials: Always carry your own small pack of tissues or toilet paper, and a bottle of hand sanitizer.
• Small Fee: In some public restrooms (especially at tourist sites or in markets), there might be an attendant who charges a small fee (a few EGP) for entry and to maintain cleanliness. This is normal, and it's good to have small change.

While Cairo is generally welcoming, solo female travelers may face unique challenges.

• Modest Dress is Key: As mentioned, dressing modestly (covering shoulders, cleavage, knees) can significantly reduce unwanted attention and is a sign of respect. A loose scarf can be versatile for covering your head when needed.
• Be Assertive, Not Necessarily Confrontational: If you experience catcalling or unwanted attention, a firm "La shukran" (no thank you) or simply ignoring it and continuing to walk with confidence is often the most effective approach. Avoid engaging in arguments.
• Use Ride-Hailing Apps (Uber/Careem): These are highly recommended for safety and convenience, especially at night. They provide GPS tracking and a record of your journey. Avoid street taxis alone, particularly at night, unless absolutely necessary.
• Avoid Walking Alone at Night: Stick to well-lit, busy areas or use reliable transportation after dark.
• Trust Your Gut: If a situation feels uncomfortable or unsafe, remove yourself from it. It's okay to decline offers, change plans, or walk away.
• Book Reputable Accommodation: Choose hotels or hostels with good reviews for safety and comfort. Some may have female-only dorms or floors.
• Share Your Itinerary: Let someone back home know your general itinerary and check in regularly.
• Join a Group Tour: For some activities or if you prefer company, consider joining a reputable group tour, especially for day trips outside the city.

Egypt observes both Islamic and Coptic Christian holidays, as well as several secular national days. Dates for Islamic and Coptic holidays vary annually as they follow lunar calendars.

• Ramadan (Holy Month of Fasting): (Dates vary, consult a calendar for current year)
  • Impact: Most significantly affects daily life. Many Egyptians fast from dawn to sunset.
  • During the Day: Business hours are typically reduced. Restaurants might be closed or only offer takeout until sunset. It's respectful to avoid eating, drinking, or smoking in public during fasting hours.
  • At Night: The atmosphere transforms into festive evenings with special meals (iftar), family gatherings, and late-night activities.
• Eid al-Fitr (End of Ramadan): (3-4 days after Ramadan)
  • Impact: A major holiday with widespread closures of businesses, banks, and government offices. Many Egyptians travel to visit family. Tourist sites usually remain open but might be more crowded.
• Eid al-Adha (Feast of Sacrifice): (4-5 days, around 70 days after Eid al-Fitr)
  • Impact: Another significant Islamic holiday with similar closures and family travel.
• Coptic Christmas (January 7th):
  • Impact: A public holiday observed by Christians, with some closures, but generally less impact on tourist services than the Eids.
• Sham El Nessim (Spring Festival): (Monday after Coptic Easter)
  • Impact: A national spring holiday. Many Egyptians head to parks, gardens, and picnic outdoors. Tourist sites may be busy.
• National Holidays (Fixed Dates):
  • January 25th (Revolution Day/Police Day)
  • April 25th (Sinai Liberation Day)
  • May 1st (Labour Day)
  • June 30th (June 30 Revolution)
  • July 23rd (Revolution Day)
  • October 6th (Armed Forces Day)
  • Impact: Expect government offices, banks, and some private businesses to be closed. Tourist sites generally remain open, but transportation might be affected.
• General Advice: Check the specific dates for your travel period. If your trip coincides with a major holiday, anticipate closures, increased crowds at certain attractions, and potentially higher prices for flights/accommodations.

• Mixed Opinions, Best to Be Cautious: While some sources suggest Cairo's tap water is heavily chlorinated and technically safe for brushing teeth, many travelers and local guides still advise against it to avoid any stomach upset.
• Recommendation: To be on the safest side, use bottled water for brushing your teeth, especially if you have a sensitive stomach. Bottled water is cheap and readily available. Always use bottled water for drinking.

Beyond traveler's diarrhea and bottled water (already covered), here are other health considerations:

• Heat Exhaustion/Stroke: Cairo can be intensely hot, especially from May to September.
  • Prevention: Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of bottled water (even if you don't feel thirsty). Wear lightweight, light-colored, loose-fitting clothing. Use sunscreen, a wide-brimmed hat, and sunglasses. Seek shade during the hottest parts of the day (usually midday).
• Air Pollution and Dust: Cairo has significant air pollution, especially from traffic and industry. There can also be a lot of dust, particularly in desert areas.
  • Prevention: If you have respiratory conditions (asthma, allergies), consult your doctor before traveling. Consider bringing a light scarf or mask to cover your mouth and nose in heavily polluted areas if you're sensitive.
• Mosquito-borne Illnesses: While less prevalent in the heart of Cairo, some areas can have mosquitoes that carry diseases like dengue fever or West Nile virus. Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) is a parasitic disease found in freshwater, so avoid swimming or wading in the Nile River or other freshwater sources.
  • Prevention: Use insect repellent, especially at dawn and dusk. Wear long sleeves and pants when possible. Avoid direct contact with untreated fresh water.
• Rabies: Stray animals (dogs, cats) are common.
  • Prevention: Avoid petting or interacting with stray animals. If you are bitten or scratched, seek immediate medical attention.
• Motion Sickness: Nile cruises or long bus journeys can cause motion sickness for some.
  • Prevention: If you're prone to motion sickness, bring appropriate medication with you.
• Medical Care: Major hospitals and pharmacies are available in Cairo.
  • Preparation: Ensure your travel insurance covers overseas medical expenses and emergency evacuation. Know the location of your embassy or consulate in case of a medical emergency. Carry a small first-aid kit with basic medications (pain relievers, antidiarrheals, antiseptic wipes, band-aids).

This is one of the most common challenges tourists face.

• The "No Eye Contact" Rule: Often, the most effective method is to completely avoid eye contact and simply keep walking. Engaging even with a "no" can be seen as an opening.
• Firm and Polite "No, thank you": If you must speak, a firm "La shukran" (no thank you) while continuing to move is best.
• Ignore and Walk Away: If someone is overly aggressive or follows you, do not engage. Just keep walking purposefully. If they persist and you feel threatened, seek out uniformed police or security.
• Don't Accept "Free" Gifts: As mentioned, these are never truly free. Politely but firmly refuse.
• Bargaining is Expected: In markets like Khan el-Khalili, bargaining is part of the culture. Start low and negotiate respectfully. If you're not interested in buying, don't start the negotiation.
• Use Guides/Drivers: If you have a trusted guide or driver, they can often help deter unwanted attention from vendors.
• Dress Down: While dressing modestly, also consider not wearing overly flashy jewelry or expensive accessories that might make you seem like an easy target.
• Prepare Small Bills: Have small denominations for legitimate purchases or tips, so you don't have to flash larger bills.

Beyond modesty and tipping, here are other cultural nuances:

• Pointing with your Finger or Foot: It's considered rude to point directly at people or things with your index finger. Also, showing the sole of your foot to someone is offensive, as feet are considered unclean.
• Using Your Left Hand: As mentioned, the left hand is traditionally associated with bodily functions, so use your right hand for eating, shaking hands, and passing objects.
• Discussing Sensitive Topics: Avoid bringing up sensitive political topics (especially the 2011 revolution) or highly controversial religious subjects, particularly with strangers.
• Public Displays of Affection: Keep PDAs to a minimum. Holding hands is generally acceptable for couples, but kissing or overtly affectionate behavior is frowned upon.
• Drinking Alcohol Publicly: While alcohol is available in hotels and licensed restaurants, it's generally consumed discreetly. Avoid drinking alcohol openly in public spaces.
• Refusing Hospitality: If offered tea or coffee, especially in a shop where you might be Browse, it's polite to accept (though you're not obligated to buy).
• Taking Photos of Locals Without Permission: Always ask for permission before photographing people, especially women and children. A simple gesture and a smile often work.
• Climbing on Monuments: Do not climb on ancient ruins, pyramids, or tombs. This is disrespectful, illegal, and can damage fragile historical sites.
• Blowing Your Nose Loudly in Public: While not a major offense, it's generally considered impolite in many Middle Eastern cultures. Try to be discreet.
• Bargaining (Where Not Appropriate): While bargaining is expected in markets, it's not done in fixed-price shops, supermarkets, or modern restaurants.
• Being Impatient: Things often operate on "Egyptian time," which can be more relaxed than Western schedules. Patience is a virtue.

• ATMs are Widespread: ATMs are common in Cairo, particularly in banks, shopping malls, and major tourist areas. Most accept international debit and credit cards (Visa, Mastercard).
• Currency Exchange: You can exchange foreign currency (USD, EUR, GBP are widely accepted) at banks, official exchange bureaus, and major hotels. Airport exchange offices usually offer competitive rates.
• Avoid Unofficial Exchangers: Do not exchange money with individuals on the street who offer "better rates" – this is a common scam.
• Notify Your Bank: Before you travel, inform your bank of your travel dates and destinations to avoid your card being flagged for suspicious activity and blocked.
• Withdraw Small Amounts: For safety and to have smaller denominations for tipping, consider making more frequent, smaller withdrawals rather than one large one.

• Arabic is the Official Language: Egyptian Arabic is the spoken language.
• English is Widely Spoken in Tourist Areas: In hotels, major tourist attractions, larger restaurants, and with tour guides, you'll generally find English speakers.
• Learn Basic Arabic Phrases: Learning a few basic Arabic phrases goes a long way and is appreciated by locals. "Shukran" (thank you), "Afwan" (you're welcome/excuse me), "Salam alaykum" (hello), "Ma'a al-salama" (goodbye), "Aywa" (yes), "La'" (no), and numbers are very useful.
• Translation Apps: Have a translation app on your phone for more complex interactions.
• Gestures: Don't underestimate the power of gestures and pointing when verbal communication is difficult.
• Patience: Be patient and understanding. Most Egyptians are eager to help, even if there's a language barrier.

• Voltage: Egypt uses 220V/50Hz.
• Plugs: The standard plug types are Type C (two round pins) and Type F (two round pins with two earth clips on the side, commonly known as "Schuko").
• Adapters: If your devices use a different voltage or plug type (e.g., North America's 120V or UK's Type G), you will need a travel adapter and potentially a voltage converter for certain appliances (check your device's voltage compatibility - most modern electronics are dual voltage, but check chargers for "100-240V").

Khan el-Khalili is an incredible experience, but it's a bustling environment.

• Be Mindful of Pickpockets: Keep your valuables (wallet, phone) in a secure, difficult-to-access place, such as a front pocket, an inner jacket pocket, or a cross-body bag worn to the front. Avoid back pockets.
• Don't Flash Cash: When paying, try not to reveal large sums of money.
• Stay Aware of Your Surroundings: Crowds offer cover for opportunistic thieves. Stay alert and aware of who is around you.
• Stick to Well-Lit Areas: If visiting at night, stick to the main, well-lit thoroughfares.
• Bargain Firmly but Politely: Vendors are persistent. Be prepared to haggle but do so with a smile and good humor. If you're not interested, a firm "no thank you" and walking away is perfectly acceptable.
• Go with a Guide (Optional): If you're nervous, visiting with a guide can help navigate the maze of stalls and deter overly aggressive vendors.

• Emergency Numbers:
  • Police: 122
  • Tourist Police: 126
  • Ambulance: 123
  • Fire Department: 180
• Embassy/Consulate: Know the contact information for your country's embassy or consulate in Cairo. They can assist with lost passports, emergencies, or legal issues. Keep their emergency number handy.
• Travel Insurance: As mentioned, have comprehensive travel insurance that covers medical emergencies, emergency evacuation, and lost/stolen items. Know your policy number and emergency contact details.
• Copy Documents: Keep photocopies or digital copies (on your phone, cloud storage) of your passport, visa, flight tickets, and travel insurance details separate from the originals. This helps immensely if originals are lost or stolen.
• Report Theft: If something is stolen, report it to the tourist police immediately to get a police report for insurance claims.
• Medical Attention: For medical issues, ask your hotel for recommendations for reputable doctors or hospitals, or contact your travel insurance provider for guidance. Pharmacies are numerous and well-stocked for minor ailments.

It's crucial to be aware of and respect Egyptian laws, which can differ significantly from those in Western countries.

• Strict Drug Laws: Egypt has extremely strict anti-drug laws. Possession, use, or trafficking of illegal drugs (even small amounts) carries severe penalties, including lengthy prison sentences or even the death penalty. Do not, under any circumstances, engage with illegal drugs.
• Photography Restrictions:
  • As mentioned, do not photograph military installations, government buildings, or police/security personnel. This can lead to serious trouble.
  • Be cautious about photographing large public gatherings or anything that could be perceived as sensitive.
  • While new regulations have eased some photography rules for tourists (e.g., allowing personal photography inside some museums without special permits, excluding flash), it's always best to seek permission before taking photos of individuals, especially women and children. Some sources even state that written permission is required for taking photos of Egyptian citizens – while rarely enforced to that extent for tourists, it highlights the importance of respect.
  • Drones are Illegal: Importing or operating drones in Egypt without prior permission from the Ministry of Defense is illegal and can lead to confiscation and legal issues.
• Alcohol Consumption: Drinking alcohol in public places (outside of licensed restaurants, bars, or private homes/resorts) is illegal.
• Public Behavior: Be mindful of conservative cultural norms:
  • Public displays of affection are frowned upon.
  • Blasphemy or any perceived insult to Islam or religious figures is a serious offense.
  • Protesting or demonstrating without a permit is illegal. Avoid any demonstrations or large crowds.
• LGBTQ+ Rights: While not explicitly illegal, same-sex relations are generally not accepted in Egyptian society, and public displays of affection between same-sex couples could lead to issues. Exercise discretion.
• ID is Required: Always carry a form of identification (a photocopy of your passport and visa, or the original if required by specific sites/checkpoints). Police may stop and ask for ID.

• Domestic Flights: The fastest and generally safest way to travel between major tourist cities like Cairo, Luxor, Aswan, and Sharm El Sheikh/Hurghada. EgyptAir is the national carrier.
• Nile Cruises: For a scenic and relaxing journey between Luxor and Aswan, a multi-day Nile cruise is a very popular and highly recommended option, combining transportation with accommodation and sightseeing.
• Trains:
  • Sleeper Trains: Available for overnight travel between Cairo, Luxor, and Aswan. These are a comfortable option, usually more expensive than regular trains but more convenient than flying for some. Book well in advance through a reputable agent.
  • Regular Trains: More budget-friendly but can be crowded, less comfortable, and potentially less reliable for punctuality. Some tourists use them for shorter day trips.
• Buses: Long-distance buses connect major cities, offering a budget-friendly option. Companies like Go Bus are popular and generally reliable. Book in advance, especially during holidays.
• Private Car/Driver: Can be arranged through tour companies or hotels for flexible travel, though it's typically more expensive for long distances.

This is a recurring theme for tourists in Cairo's markets and some service areas.

• Be Polite but Firm: A clear "La shukran" (no thank you) is often sufficient. If they persist, simply repeat it and keep walking. Do not engage in lengthy conversations if you're not interested in buying.
• Set Expectations: If you're entering a shop or engaging with a vendor, mentally prepare for the negotiation. It's part of the experience in places like Khan el-Khalili.
• Know Your Price: Before you start bargaining, have a price in mind that you're willing to pay. Start significantly lower than that (e.g., 50% or less of the initial asking price) and work your way up.
• Walk Away: The most powerful bargaining tool is the ability to walk away. If a vendor isn't meeting your price, thank them and start to leave. Often, they'll call you back with a better offer.
• Don't Feel Pressured: Never feel obligated to buy something just because you've looked at it or asked its price.
• "No, thank you, I'm just looking": If you genuinely want to browse without pressure, a friendly "La shukran, ana batfarag bas" (No thank you, I'm just looking) might help, though persistence is still common.
• Small Denominations: As mentioned earlier, having small bills helps avoid the "no change" scam when you've agreed on a price.

• Challenging but Possible: Cairo, unfortunately, is generally not very accessible for people with mobility challenges or other disabilities.
• Infrastructure Issues: Sidewalks are often uneven, crowded, and obstructed. Ramps and accessible restrooms are rare. Public transportation (especially the Metro) can be difficult due to stairs and crowded conditions.
• Historical Sites: Many ancient sites involve uneven terrain, sand, stairs, and lack of modern accessibility features.
• Hotels are Best Bet: Newer, higher-end hotels are more likely to have some accessible rooms and facilities. Always confirm directly with the hotel.
• Rely on Private Transport: Taxis or pre-arranged private cars (ideally larger vehicles) are the most practical way to get around.
• Tour Operators: Look for specialized tour operators that cater to travelers with disabilities. They can arrange accessible transport, guides, and itineraries.
• Patience and Assistance: Be prepared for challenges and know that you may need assistance from travel companions or locals, who are often willing to help.

• Apologize and Smile: If you inadvertently commit a cultural faux pas, a simple, sincere apology ("Asef" for men, "Asfa" for women) and a friendly smile will usually smooth things over.
• Learn from Mistakes: Observe how locals behave and try to adapt. Most Egyptians understand that tourists are not familiar with all local customs.
• Ask Questions: If you're unsure about what's appropriate, it's usually fine to politely ask your guide or hotel staff.
• Avoid Confrontation: In any disagreement or misunderstanding, maintain a calm and polite demeanor. Raising your voice or becoming agitated is generally counterproductive and can escalate the situation.

Traveling to Cairo with children can be a rewarding adventure, but it comes with unique considerations.

• Safety: The primary tourist areas are generally safe for families. However, constant vigilance is required in crowded places like markets, where children could easily get lost or separated. Consider using child harnesses or carriers for younger children.
• Stroller Challenges: Sidewalks are often uneven, broken, or non-existent, making strollers challenging to use in many areas. A baby carrier or backpack might be more practical for infants and toddlers.
• Heat: Children are more susceptible to heatstroke and dehydration. Plan activities for cooler parts of the day, ensure constant hydration, and use sun protection (hats, sunscreen, light clothing).
• Food: Stick to reputable restaurants for meals to minimize the risk of traveler's diarrhea. Many hotels and tourist-focused restaurants can accommodate dietary needs or offer familiar options. Pack snacks and formula if needed.
• Entertainment: Beyond the major historical sites, Cairo has attractions that appeal to children, such as the Pharaonic Village (a living museum of ancient Egypt), the Giza Zoo, and various amusement parks (though quality varies).
• Accommodation: Family-friendly hotels often offer connecting rooms, pools, and sometimes kids' clubs.
• Transportation: Private transfers or ride-hailing apps (Uber/Careem) are often the most comfortable and safest options for families, allowing for car seats if needed (though you might need to bring your own or arrange specifically).
• Patience and Flexibility: Travel with children always requires more patience and flexibility. Don't overschedule your days. Build in downtime for rest and play.